Self-Reflection on Personal Relationships Essaypilot

The main aim of any communication is to ensure that the communicator message reaches the audience intended and that the recipient can conceptualize what is communicated. Hence to ensure that communication is effective, competent and ethical then its essential for one to understand the aspect of relational communication. Individually relational communication has been crucial in establishing of personal connection among friends and family. Its necessary since it encompasses both the qualitative and quantitative methods coupling with theoretical perspective. Relational communication is research-based since it examines both the interpretation and expression of the message within a personal relationship which surrounds our daily interactions together with critical relational events. The approach shows the role that communication plays in the development, dissolution, and maintenance of relationships, how it impacts partners and their respective relationships and offer guidelines on how to improve the quality of a contact or an individuals wellbeing through a relationship. Strengths and weakness in the interpersonal relationship Strengths in relational communication Perhaps the biggest strength that I have in my communication is that I am a good listener and can easily communicate with any individual under the table which means I do less of the talking. I tend to be perceptive, sincere and interested, and genuinely I focus on what the person communicating to me is saying. I dont just focus on what I think you are saying or just pick what supports my opinion and I do not only hope the person will speak whats appealing. Am occasionally interested to hear what a person wants to say. I exclusively focus on asking questions which have intent and purpose. Sometimes I battle with the right and care more about creating an understanding between myself and the party communicating than really focusing on what is right. I vividly acknowledge that the point an individual is expressing, doesnt necessarily mean that I agree with it, even if I give out my opinion while making a communication. At times I can pick up when I may feel like expressing my point of vi ew or when I may want to express myself differently for the speaker to hear me. I may ask some questionable things honestly while avoiding being brutal. Weakness in relational communication As seen in the course, they are many reasons that may cause a communication to fail. Individual they are many aspects that I hold which may be my weaknesses in establishing a successful communication. Hence consequently, may lead to the intent of the message never reaches the recipient. Perhaps personally one factor includes the emotional barrier, and the previous perception of the one is communicating. Its not odd to have someones picture before a communication which eventually shapes how you will receive the information that is laid out by that individual. Then sometime it may become so hard to express some topics which I may conclude to be off-limits. The prejudice and prior expectation lead to false stereotyping and assumption on the person that holds given information. There is also the factor of psychological barriers which I guess affect most communication, the mental state of the communicator I believe influences how the message gets sent, receive, interpreted and perceived. If an individual is stressed, for instance, he or she might be less receptive to the information. Also, anger is another factor which I believe makes people say things that they regret later. I guess these aspects are my weakness in establishing relational communication. The uncertainty reduction theory The theory was developed initially by Charles Berger and Richard Calabrese and is also known as the initial interaction theory its a conventional communication theory which was established from the post-positivist tradition. The provision of the argument focus on looking at the interaction of people before the process of communication, it asserts the belief that during an interaction, the parties that are to be involved in a conversation need the information about each other with the aim of reducing levels of uncertainties. Upon gathering this information then people can predict easily the other persons behavior and the action that may be as a result. According to the theory, the two aspects are essential in establishing effective communication (Knapp et al, 2014). Berger and Calabrese show the connection between the central theory of uncertainty and seven significant variables that are crucial in the development of a relation, using a series of axioms, and in doing so, they deduced a series an of theorems. In the development of relational communication, they come up with two uncertainties, behavioral and cognitive uncertainties. They also came up with three interactive strategies that can be used while seeking out information on someone they include: active, passive and interactive. The initial interactive approach can further be broken down into various individual stages- the personal stage, the entry stage, and the exit stage. Based on the theory and research people tend to find interpersonal relationships unlikely and often are motivated in reducing it using interpersonal communication. In the recent years, the approach has been used in new relationships. However, it is still widely respected as used in explaining and predicting the initial interaction before an interaction (Rodgers, 2014). Relational dialectics theory Its also a theory of relational and interpersonal communication which provide for close personal relationships and ties which highlight struggle, tension and an interplay between tendencies which are contrary. The theory was developed in 1988 by Leslie Baxter and W.K. Rawlins who they defined that communication among partners in a relationship may be due to endemic dialectical tensions. In their description of this theory, Baxter and Barbara Montgomery simplified further their initial concept by posing, yes, positive attract, but the bird of the same feather often flock together. They also conclude that two is a company, three is a crowd but again welcome, the more the merrier. The contradictions that are given are same to those that are always being experienced in relationships, affecting an individual. While making decisions, we welcome multiple viewpoints which at time contradict (Halliwell, 2015). Relational dialectic was an elaboration of Mikhail Bakhtins concept who believed th at life always is an open monologue and occasionally human do experience conflict between opposing needs and desires. Baxter formulates a list of tension which acts as a reminder of the changing nature of relationships, and for relationships to be satisfying and successful, it thus requires constant attention. However, though Baxter description of relational dialectics is comprehensive, its not inclusive and exact, and we all experience a different kind of tension within a relationship. Dialectics factors in almost all relationships, scholars suggest that relational dialectics does expose tension that is available in a relationship, at the same time it has devised a method of maintaining and repairing the pressures. Hence, as a result, it becomes an incredible tool in defining the way forward in managing tensions within a relationship (Rudick Golsan, 2014). Attachment theory Its a psychological model which aims at describing the short and long-term dynamics between relation communication and interpersonal relationships. However, its not formulated as a general theory its used to address specific facets. The theory deals with how humans respond to a relationship when hurt, when separated from there love one or when they perceive a threat. It makes believe that the ability of any individual to make physical or emotional attachment to another individual gives a sense of security and stability to take risks, grow, and take risks and development in personality. The theory is broad and holds many expressions which one has to look at each to understand its concepts (Paetzold Rholes, 2015). Mary Ainsworth developed many ideas from the original creator Bowbly. She particular acknowledges the existence of what she refers to as attachment behavior which she gives an example of an insecure child trying to get attached to a present caregiver. Since the occurrence of the action is concurrent, then it makes a basis for the conclusion of an innate or instinctual trait within humans. Hazana and Snaver focused more on attachment theory as it affects communication in human generally and not focusing on children in spite it being instrumental in developmental psychology. In their studies, they observed some couples and examined the nature of attachment between them later analyzed how the couples reacted to various stimuli and stressors. For most adults the strength of the attachment is essential, and where the attachments were weak, then they were feeling inadequate and lacked intimacy on one or both parties involved compared to children. Relationships work best if the parties mana ged on balancing their intimacy. Recommendations and conclusion In developing an effective interpersonal communication, then one has to meditate on the following questions: are my personal feelings confusing the objectivity of the communication? Why am I choosing to say or do this? Would I like to be treated this and would like other to be treated this way? And finally, if this was to go public would I be comfortable? The following recommendations help in solving these concerns: Effective listening and maintain respect In establishing a communication its ethical not to jump to conclusions, making premature agreements, judgments, criticism or comparisons. One should seek the reasons behind the statements and comment that are made by the communicator. An individual should emphasize on facts and the objectivity of the information. Respect is maintained through avoiding embarrassing others in public and avoiding misdirecting anger to the juniors. Act carefully and thoughtfully initially, its important to understand the view of other people even if disagreeing or agreeing with there ideas. Another important aspect is keeping a record of the conversation. During a conversation one may not have to agree with a given action instantaneously, its safe and wise to wait. Last include behaving humanly since this is interpersonal relations its good to factor in people feelings and emotions. To conclude all persons want to feel treated reasonably and feel that they have been respected and understood, regardless of the message communicated. An individual ability to respectfully listen is sufficient in most emotionally charged situations, for instance, listening to concerns about discrimination, sexual harassment and giving someone advice on a job. The theories and aspect provided above provide a clear outline of how the structure of efficient relational communication is established. References Rogers, L. E. (Ed.). (2014). Relational communication: An interactional perspective to the study of process and form. Routledge. Knapp, M. L., Vangelisti, A. L., Caughlin, J. P. (2014). Interpersonal communication human relationships. Pearson Higher Ed.Paetzold, R. L., Rholes, W. S. (2015). Attachment theory and methods for meanings of couple intimacy. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy,  15(1), 414-417. Rudick, C. K., Golsan, K. B. (2014). Revisiting the relational communication perspective: Drawing upon relational dialectics theory to map an expanded research agenda for communication and instruction scholarship. Western Journal of Communication,  78(3), 255-273. Halliwell, D. (2015). Extending Relational Dialectics Theory: Exploring New Avenues of Research. Annals of the International Communication Association,  39(1), 67-95.

Speech Should Wuthering heights be made relevant in...

Should Wuthering Heights be considered relevant in todays society? I say, yes. Although I must admit, I was very close to hating this book, not only because of the confusing situations which occurs and my dislike towards all characters, but also for much more reasons that I dont wish to point out at this moment for that we shall be here for a terribly long time if I did. However, I must also admit, the context of this book, Wuthering Heights, have portrayed many relevant themes that are still existing today, even as I speak. Catherines decision of marriage is one example. My love for Heathcliff resembles the eternal rocks beneath: a source of little visible delight, but necessary Nelly, I am Heathcliff. In this quote, Catherine†¦show more content†¦They grew up protecting and trying to shelter each other from the abuse of Hindley and Joseph. Consequently, they developed an eternal friendship, love and affinity. One could say that they were soul mates even children. Bronte expands the notion of eternal love by creating the supernatural aspect in the story. This is illustrated when Heathcliff contacts Catherines spirit after she dies. Their souls are eternally joined so as a result, Heathcliff cannot live in this realm without her. Only their souls joined together make one. Heathcliff eventually dies to reunite his soul with Catherine. Another aspect which is relevant today and forever it shall remain relevant is selfishness. Catherines selfish character was depicted when she wanted both Edgar and Heathcliff at the same time. In the beginning, she was introduced as a high spirited character who was wild. However, she drastically changes throughout the book. When she hurts her leg and is forced to stay at Thrushcross Grange, she returns to Wuthering Heights as a well dressed and dignified lady. She was easily swayed to the superior lifestyle of the Lintons and began to look down upon Heathcliff. She even laughs at his rough and dirty appearance and says I didnt mean to laugh at you. I could not hinder myself Heathcliff. Shake hands at least! What are you sulky for? It was only that you looked odd. If you wash you face and brush your hair, it would be alright. But you are

Essay on China - A Powerful, Emerging Nation - 2614 Words

Napoleon once warned, â€Å"China is a sleeping giant. Let her sleep, for when she wakes she will shake the world. The United States of America has been the superpower for past two centuries and still is. But after Beijing 2008 Olympics and even couple years before the event, the world recognized China as a powerful, emerging nation that is attempting to catch up with America. Evidently China is on the rise and no one can deny that fact as news channels and online news sites are constantly discussing issues about China. As China is becoming the World’s greatest rising power it is important to be aware of the factors that made China a leading power and also to examine what is holding them back as they are striving to become the most modernized†¦show more content†¦I will conclude by mentioning a possible direction China and America are heading. In doing this research, I have mainly used Land Without Ghosts edited by Arkush and Lee and Chinese-American: School and community Problems which is comprised of personal first hand testimonies as a primary source and several different secondary sources which I have gathered from the UCI Langson library. Using the limited resources available, I will articulate some of the arguments that the secondary source authors make. In order to highlight the details of problems Chinese students faced in America and also in China I will use Qian Ning’s Chinese Students Encounter America and Leo A. Orleans’ Chinese Students in America. In Carola McGiffert’s Chinese Images of the United States, I will discuss the general Chinese public view of America and student view in recent times, in order to get some clues on future of Sino-American relations. All the sources mentioned above will help better understand the significant role of Chinese students studying overseas and its con tribution to Sino-American relations. China prides itself in its oldest civilizations in the world and has the oldest continuous civilization. But when China opened its door to the West, it has learned from young America how to develop into a leading nation. Remarkably, 150 years of Chinese immigration goes hand in hand with 150 years of Chinese students studying in America. TheShow MoreRelatedThe United States As Powers Within The International System1691 Words   |  7 Pagesis one could facilitate a return nations struggling for power and prestige through war. While some might say a return to this system could destroy todays relative peace amongst great powers, they are incorrect. A return to multipolarity could show us that several emerging powers will emerge to join the United States as powers within the international system. 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Full Report on Reliance Industries Ltd.

Question: Describe about thereliance industries gets green nod for tamil nadu drilling project . Please focus on trigger and also make a report and also include company history,present and future . and also anlyse this trigger and put references as much as you can and make some recomendation . Make it as an company report including acknowledgement , summry, table of contents and reference. Answer: Introduction Reliance Industries Ltd. is one of the largest, and the leading groups of India. The founder and owner of this private enterprise is Dhirubhai Ambani. This industry is of noteworthy importance and is one of the major private sector organizations on financial grounds. The company shows its significant interest in the coastal, and offshore investigation in India. The company has been very innovative from time to time. It has started its business with a textile, and yarn producing industry, and now has spread its arms in almost all the major fields where the business can be done (Reliance Industries, 2000). The company has a strong mission, and vision of its work. Reliance Industries Limited has always been of the opinion of investing in the businesses of India. It contributes a considerable share in the economic growth of India, and to the social welfare of the country, and its people. The company ranked 134 in the list of Fortune 500 companies in the year 2011, and a year after it came to 99. The progress of this industry is of immense appreciation. Green signal for drilling project in Tamil Nadu According to recent reports, it has been heard that Reliance Industries Ltd. has been a given green nod for undertaking eight more borehole drilling to discover reservoir capacity of hydrocarbons at the offshore of the Tamil Nadu, which constitutes the Bay of Bengal. The company has already taken its project to an extent by drilling almost ten wells and till now, it has found the chief components of hydrocarbons in three of its wells. Since the data of seismic activity demonstrated the presence of hydrocarbons in the area, the committee of experts reviewed, and examined the whole scenario, and approved the proposal of Reliance Industries to continue the exploratory drill in the block (timesofindia-economictimes, 2016). The Ministry of Environment and Forest has also given clearance to the project after examining all the pros and cons of the proposal under certain guidelines which the company has to follow during the whole process till it completes. The terms and conditions should be viewed seriously and time to time reports must be submitted to the government. Reliance Exploration and Production Portfolio The Exploration and Production business of Reliance Industries got a kick start when it signed an agreement of joint venture to become a partner of 30 percent with British Gas and Oil Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC). This deal was signed in the Panna-Mukta and in the blocks of South Tapti (Tricker, 2011). Production Performance FY 2014-15 FY 2013-14 Units KG-D6 Oil 2.0 2.0 MMBBL Gas 157.6 178.3 BCF Condensate 0.3 0.3 MMBBL Panna-Mukta Oil 7.2 7.4 MMBBL Gas 70.7 65.4 BCF Tapti Gas 14.3 27.3 BCF Condensate 0.2 0.3 MMBBL KG-D6 JV PRODUCTION - 157.6 BCF Gas, 2.28 MMBBL Oil, and condensates PMT JV PRODUCTION 85 BCF Gas, 7.455 MMBBL Oil, and condensates These two companies are the biggest assets of the company concerning the production of Oil Gas. This sets Reliance Industries at a place where it can derive many advantages of its offshore capabilities. Achievements in Oil and Gas operations in the year 2014-15 Production shares of Reliance Industries in India 142 BCFE Production shares of Reliance Industries in US shale industry 195 BCFE US Shale operations growth in reserve accretion 11 percent (Richter, 2015) Total KG-D6 JV acreage 18 million acres The construction work for gas pipeline project of Shahdol-Phoolpur is in progress. Developmental activities of mechanical completion are in its advanced stage. Image retrieved from URL link: (https://image.slidesharecdn.com/presentationonrelianceindustries-130417152146-phpapp02/95/presentation-on-reliance-industries-8-638.jpg?cb=1366212183) Reliance Industries Limited also signed a contract deal of 2 offshore blocks named (M17 M18) for the production of oil and gas with Myanmar Oil and Gas Enterprise abbreviation of which is MOGE, a government organization of Myanmar in the same financial year (Prevedel, 2007). Analysis of the Tamil Nadu Project The Green Panel of the Centre approved the proposal of Reliance Industries for carrying out more of drilling activities in the area of the CY-III-D5 block at the offshore of Tamil Nadu, near the Bay of Bengal. Recently, according to the reports of seismic data, the presence of hydrocarbons has been seen in the block. This is why, the panel has given permission to drill eight additional exploratory bore wells so as to discover reservoir capacity of hydrocarbons within the area (Khan, 2011). The Environment Ministrys Committee has inspected the proposal and then after a long, and careful consideration; the committee approved the proposal so made for the environment clearance. The key components of the deal are: 1. The panel suggested that the company should make certain that the gas so produced is flashed with proper flaring booms. 2. The testing measures of the gas should be appropriately performed taking all the safety precautions. 3. The safety guidelines for oil and gas industry should be followed during the testing. 4. The company has to make sure that the plant life and the animal life within that region should not be disturbed. 5. Appropriate conservation measures are to be followed for the protection of flora and fauna of that region (Onstott and Kieft, 2015). 6. Monitoring of metals of relatively high density, and of the petroleum hydrocarbons should be done effectively. 7. Proper and accurate report maintenance should be done, and it must be sent to the government timely. 8. The committee also proposed that all the hazardous waste substances obtained from the process should be disposed off according to the norms and conditions. The aforementioned guidelines are to be followed strictly and on the basis of latest reports, it is clear that the rights of exploration have been approved under the New Exploration Licensing Policy-3. Reliance Industries has acquired the five standard blocks of oil and gas into its domestic portfolio, which are situated at Mahanadi, Gujarat, Godavari, Kaveri, and Saurashtra basins. The company has also acquired various blocks in overseas and is in the ongoing process of getting more blocks for conducting its activities of Exploration and Production. It is delivering a high value to the energy sector of India and contributes at the greatest level of the growth of this sector (Sacher and Schiemann, 2010). Future Prospects There is various researches and analysis has been done considering the exploration of hydrocarbon activities, and it reveals the following facts: It says that the energy sector of the country will be benefitted a lot, and it will have a significant impact on the domestic production of the oil and gas within the country. 1. It has been noted that the government spends a lot of its money on the imports of crude oil to meet the demands of the country. The production of Oil Gas into the country will definitely help and contribute to the growth and success of India (Reliance Industries Ltd v Enron Oil and Gas India Ltd and Anr, 2001). 2. The increase in domestic production is going to affect the budget deficit in a better way. 3. The increase in the investment opportunities by private sector enterprises into Indias exploration industry. 4. The ongoing activities of Exploration and Production will also encourage the Indian oil fields and the markets. Facts and Figures of Reliance Industries The total earnings and revenues of Reliance Industries Limited (RIL) are presented as follows: FY Revenues in $ Earnings in $ 2009-10 44.6 billion 3.6 billion 2010-11 58.6 billion 4.5 billion 2011-12 66.7 billion 3.9 billion Figures showing overall summary of RIL: Image retrieved from URL link: (https://images.financialexpress.com/2015/10/Gr49.jpg) Overall Performance of Reliance Industries Image retrieved from URL link: (https://www.ril.com/InvestorRelations/FinancialReporting.aspx) Performance of Oil and Gas segments Earnings before Income Tax for the Financial Year 2016 are Rs. 378 crores. The production of US Shale Gas at 205 BCFE. The realization of the unit at $ 2.7 MCFE (ST, VOLL and KIV, 2012). Domestic production recorded at 124 BCFE. The production of KG-D6 recorded at 10 MMSCMD, and 4,878 units of liquids. Graph retrieved from URL link: (https://www.ril.com/InvestorRelations/FinancialReporting.aspx) Latest reports show that Reliance Industries ventured Shale Gas Company which has demonstrated a good growth in earlier quarters, has now recorded a decrease in earnings, and profits because of low volumes and realizations. It has also been discovered that the company has held its stakes and reduced its activities to protect its operational expenses. Image retrieved from URL link: (https://www.economictimes.indiatimes.com/photo/46989666.cms) Recommendations The company is doing a great business since years, and it has a lot of experience in the field of Exploration and Production. So, it seems that there are no loop holes in the project till date but it if the company will precautions in some areas of that field, the result then can be a great success to the company as well as to the government. The things to be taken care of are as follows: Usage of high-efficiency compressors, and generators. Adoption of Conservative measures. Proper planning regarding minimizing the wastage. Adequate treatment of the dispose-off facilities for the waste. Summary Reliance is working really well on national upfront. It has also grown its business internationally and worldwide. Considering its business in the field of Exploration, Reliance has also acquired some offshore blocks in the city of Myanmar (Bhutan). The company has also entered into some major joint ventures with the international brands of the gas industry in the year 2010. The major oil and gas production of RIL is done by Panna-Mukta and Tapti blocks, in short known as (PMT) blocks in India. And on an international level, the work is being done by US Shale Gas Industry (Bantekas, 2009). According to the report of a research company named TechSci, it has been released that considering the increase in ongoing exploration activities, the future of oilfield market is estimated to exceed approximately US $8 billion by the year 2020 (Sakmar, 2012). Conclusion Reliance Industries has been a great success considering its overall performances throughout from the day of its establishment. The company has taken decisive and appropriate steps to contribute to the economic growth and development of India. The primary motive of this industry is to work for the benefit of the society and the country. This philosophy of the company resulted in the development of many markets worldwide. Reliance has performed excellently, and faced the challenges coming into its way very effectively. Reliance Industries work for the betterment of the country. The prime objective of this enterprise is to Invest, Innovate, and Inspire (Mihret and Admassu, 2011). Henceforth, considering all the works and progress of the company, the Tamil Nadu project seems to be a success as the work in progress is at its great speed. If the company will fulfill all the norms and guidelines issued by the government, and the work is to be done carefully, the project will generate efficient revenue to the company as well as to the economy. References Bantekas, I. (2009). Oil and Gas Production Contracts.The Journal of World Energy Law Business, 2(3), pp.263-264. Khan, A. (2011). Seismogenic sources in the Bay of Bengal vis--vis potential for tsunami generation and its impact in the northern Bay of Bengal coast.Nat Hazards, 61(3), pp.1127-1141. Mihret, D. and Admassu, M. (2011). Reliance of External Auditors on Internal Audit Work: A Corporate Governance Perspective.IBR, 4(2). Onstott, T. and Kieft, T. (2015). Developing Deep-Life Continental Drilling Projects.Eos, 96. Prevedel, B. (2007). Drilling and Completion Challenges in Fault Zones: Lessons Learned from ICDP Projects.Scientific Drilling, (Special, No. 1). Reliance Industries Ltd v Enron Oil and Gas India Ltd and Anr. (2001).Arbitration Law Reports and Review, 2001(1), pp.669-677. Reliance Industries. (2000).Metal Finishing, 98(9), p.38. Richter, P. (2015). From Boom to Bust? A Critical Look at US Shale Gas Projections.Economics of Energy Environmental Policy, 4(1). Sacher, H. and Schiemann, R. (2010). When do deep drilling geothermal projects make good economic sense?.Renewable Energy Focus, 11(5), pp.30-31. Sakmar, S. (2012). Natural gas production-international/cross-border: Rest of world learning from US shale gas experience.Nat. Gas Elec., 29(2), pp.7-11. Satheesh, S. (2002). Radiative forcing by aerosols over Bay of Bengal region.Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(22), pp.40-1-40-4. ST, P., VOLL, H. and KIV, T. (2012). UTILIZATION OF OIL SHALE RETORT GAS.Oil Shale, 29(3), p.248. Timesofindia-economictimes. (2016).RIL gets green nod for exploratory drilling project in Tamil Nadu. [online] Available at: https://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2016-05-15/news/73102314_1_ril-exploratory-environment-clearance [Accessed 15 May 2016]. Tricker, B. (2011). Re-inventing the Limited Liability Company.Corporate Governance: An International Review, 19(4), pp.384-393.

The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano Essays

The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano Olaudah Equiano (c. 1745 31 March 1797),[3] known in his lifetime as Gustavus Vassa (/vs/),[4] was a prominent African in London, a freed slave who supported the British movement to end the slave trade. His autobiography, published in 1789 and attracting wide attention, was considered highly influential in gaining passage of the Slave Trade Act 1807, which ended the African trade for Britain and its colonies. Since the late 20th century, there has been some debate on his origins, but most of his account has been extensively documented. [5] His last master was Robert King, an American Quaker merchant who allowed Equiano to trade on his own account and purchase his freedom in 1766. Equiano settled in England in 1767 and worked and traveled for another 20 years as a seafarer, merchant, and explorer in the Caribbean, the Arctic, the American colonies, South and Central America, and the United Kingdom. In London, Equiano (identifying as Gustavus Vassa during his lifetime) was part of the Sons of Africa, a black group who opposed the slave trade, and he was active among leaders of the anti-slave trade movement in the 1780s. He published his autobiography, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano (1789), which depicted the horrors of slavery. The first-known slave narrative, it went through nine editions and aided passage of the British Slave Trade Act of 1807, which abolished the African slave trade.[6] Since 1967, his memoir has been regarded as the "true beginning of modern African literature."[7] As a free man, Equiano had a stressful life; he had suffered suicidal thoughts before he became a born again Christian and found peace in his faith. After settling in London, in 1792 Equiano married an English woman named Susannah Cullen and they had two daughters. He died in 1797 in London; his gravesite is unknown. Equiano's death was recognized in Britain as well as by American newspapers.[8] Plaques commemorating his life have been placed at buildings where he lived in London. Since the late 20th century, when his autobiography was published in a new edition, he has been increasingly studied by a range of scholars, including many from Nigeria. Early life and enslavementEdit Show table IJzeren voetring voor gevangenen transparent background.png According to his own account, Olaudah Equiano was born in 1745 to the Igbo people in the region now known as Nigeria. His name, Olaudah, means one who has a loud voice and is well spoken, and signifies good fortune. He was the youngest son, with six brothers and sisters. His father was a man of dignity, given the title "Embrench" (modern Igbo: mgburichi), a man whom he remembers bearing scarifications on his forehead, which signified his father's status. Equiano expected to receive such scarification when he came of age among the males of his community. Equiano recollects his mother teaching him self-defence, and he witnessed her taking part in communal wars. His mother particularly impressed on him the religious rites of his community. She often carried him along to an ancestral shrine in the wild where his maternal grandmother was buried; she would give offerings to the shrine and weep by its side. Equiano said his early life was filled with what his people considered good omens or mysterious signs; for instance, he was on a path in his village when he accidentally stood on a large snake but was left unharmed. Equiano recounted an incident when an attempted kidnapping of children was thwarted by adults in his villages. When he was around the age of eleven, he and his sister were left alone to look after their family's compound, as was common when adults went out of the house for work. They were both kidnapped and taken far away from their hometown, separated, and sold to slave traders. After changing hands several times, Equiano met his sister again, but they were separated and he was taken over a large river to the coast, where he was held by European slave traders.[3][9] He was transported with 244 other enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to Barbados in the West Indies. He and a few other slaves were sent on to the British colony of Virginia. Literary scholar Vincent

Islamic Religion Zakah

Islamic Religion Zakah The Islam religion in addition to giving spiritual guidance, also gives economic guidance one of which is the Zakah. Zakah is listed among the five pillars forming the basic foundations of the religion of Islam; it is the third of the five. The word ‘Zakah’ in Arabic means to be purified, to grow and receive blessings. In some texts it is also referred to as Zakat.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Islamic Religion: Zakah specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Khan describes Zahra as a mandatory levy paid on wealth and agricultural products that are in excess of a specified minimum (the nisab) (Islamic Economics and Finance 195).  During the time of Prophet Muhammad, there was a list of the nisab for each asset one could own for example the nisab for gold was 85grams and the nisab for silver was 595grams. At that time value 595grams of silver was equivalent to the value of 85grams of gold. Times have changed a nd gold and silver are no longer used as currency. We now have paper money. The value of silver has decreased while that of gold has remained almost the same. Muslim scholars differ on whether to use the nisab of gold or the nisab of silver when calculating the nisab for the current currencies. Those who support the nisab of gold to be used argue that its value has remained the same over time. Those who argue for the nisab of silver argue that it would be of more benefit to the poor if the nausea of silver is used. Using the nisab of silver will lower the minimum hence increasing the number of people to pay Zakah and hence increasing the amount of money. The nisab of silver is used in some countries like Saudi Arabia; although the nisab of gold is the most common (Khan 1994).  Therefore, Nisab’s value is directly dependent on the retailing price of gold (or silver for the countries that use the nisab of silver) in the world markets as it is equal to a specified amount of go ld. In 2012, it was an equivalent of USD$5200. The nisab should be calculated based on the price of gold on the day that the individual pays the levy. The regulations governing the collection and spending of this fund are based on the Quran and the Hadith; works attributed to the Islamic Prophet Muhammad but are not found in the Quran. In some countries the calculation of nisab is based on the poverty level of the country rather than the price of gold or silver (Ahmad 2010). The levy has a lot of importance in the Islamic faith. In the Quran it is equated to prayer. The funds collected are given to the needy and therefore act to bridge the differences between the rich and the poor. This levy leads to the development of the economy as the rich cannot just keep their wealth as it will continue decreasing over time as the levy is imposed, thus it forces them to invest (Ahmad 2010).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It develops in people the virtue of generosity and condemns selfishness. It prepares one to get used to the act of giving and when they are required to give up all their wealth for the act of faith they will be ready to do so. Muslims believe that all wealth belongs to Allah and humans are just entrusted with the wealth. They are therefore required to use the wealth as required by the owner. Giving reminds them not to lay too much emphasis on material wealth. Making the contribution purifies wealth and souls of those who give (Khan 1994).  Zakah is not based on all the property one owns since some wealth is considered taxable while other types of properties are exempted from the levy. Wealth that is considered taxable include; livestock, minerals, investments in business including stock, and agricultural products while properties for personal and home use such as furniture and houses are tax exempt. Property that does not have a speci fic owner such as taxes collected by the government is exempt from Zakar as it is used for the benefit of everyone including the poor. Property and businesses that are owned by the public such as schools and mosques are also exempted from the levy. An individual cannot pay Zakah on property that was acquired through stealing, corruption or cheating. The property does not belong to them they therefore cannot pay Zakah for it.  Muslim scholars make it clear that if an asset is not named in the Quran or Hadith as Zakatable it does not mean that it is exempted from the levy. The Prophet Muhammad who was the founder of Zakah only mentioned in his works assets that were available during his time. As people continue to develop new products the zakatable products should be revised in accordance with the current trends.  Zakah is usually paid as a percentage. The percentage of Zakah to be paid varies with the type of asset for which one is paying the levy. It is 2.5% of profits from inve stment and income from work; 5% of Agricultural products that are irrigated; 10% of agricultural products that do not require irrigation or are watered by natural means such as the rain and 20% for minerals. The percentage is a minimum of what should be paid, if someone is willing to pay more, they can.  Wealth has to meet some requirements before the owner pays the levy. The levy is based on the wealth that is with the owner for a lunar year; 355days.An individual begins counting the days once his wealth exceeds the nisab. Agricultural products are an exemption to the rule of the lunar year; Zakah is paid after harvesting. Zakah for mineral wealth is also paid after acquisition of the mineral and not annually. The levy is imposed only on goods that are developing and increasing.  The rule requiring that an asset has to be growing to be zakatable has some limitations; individuals who intentionally make their wealth not to grow are required to pay Zakah. Prophet Muhammad warns su ch people and calls them lazy.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Islamic Religion: Zakah specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Wealth that is not growing as an exemption to payment of the levy is limited to people whose property has been stolen or destroyed or whose lack of growth is due to the characteristics of the asset and not the individual’s choice.  The goods also have to be under the individual’s control, debts owed are not included in the calculation. Gold or other precious stones that are in the form of jewels are exempted from the levy as long as they are used for the purpose of looking good and not for business. In the case of land that is used for Agriculture, if it is in the hands of the owner, then the owner pays the levy. In the case that the owner rents out the land without payment, the person who uses the land for farming will pay the levy.  Debts are another area where the payment of th e levy is unclear. The debtors cannot pay the levy as the money is not rightfully their neither can the creditors because the money is not under their control. In this century loans which fall under the debt category are common, Muslim scholars differ on opinions whether one should pay the levy for loans or not. It becomes more difficult when one has loans on assets that are tangible. Some people argue that the creditors should be levied as the property belongs to them while others argue that the debtors should be levied as they are in possession of the asset. Levying taxes on both of them will be against the Muslim laws (Shariah) which warn against duality.  Duality in Shariah is defined as dual payment where an asset is levied more than once in the same lunar year. Another issue that has come up with this century is savings such as retirement benefits. The payment of the levy will vary depending on whether the savings are within the control of the individual or they are within t he control of the employer. In the case that an individual is paid retirement benefits, he would be required to pay Zakah when he is given the money.  The Quran and Hadith give a description of who should pay the levy. The individual has to meet the requirements of nisab. The individual also has to be an adult of sane mind; children and mentally ill are not required to pay. There is debate on whether children and the mentally ill can pay Zakah. The Hadith requires that children cannot pay until they reach puberty and the mentally ill cannot pay until they recover.  Those who support that the levy should not be imposed on children and the mentally ill argue that it’s an act of worship and therefore requires one to be willing. The intention is compromised in children and those with psychiatric illness. They also argue that those who have a compromised state of mind cannot develop their wealth. Those who are arguing that those who have a compromised state of mind should be t axed say that the Quran does not provide any exemptions for them (Ahmad 2010).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The individual has to be Muslim in order to make the contribution. Non Muslims are required to pay Jizyah. Zakah is an act of worship and belief in the religion; it therefore cannot be paid by someone who does not believe. In the case that a non believer converts to Islam, he cannot be asked to pay Zakah for the years he did not believe in the Islamic faith. In some states a tax an equivalent of the Zakah is levied on non Muslims to ensure economic balance. The individual to pay the levy has to be free; Prisoners are exempted from the levy (Ahmad 2010).  Zakah is considered mandatory for all Muslims. The Quran also requires that one does it voluntarily. In the case that an individual is too mean and refuses to pay, the state has the authority to collect the payment by force and impose a penalty on the individual. The penalty is equivalent to half of the defaulter’s wealth. A group of people may decide to evade the levy. War should be declared on them as they would be consid ered to have rejected the Islamic faith. Some people claim that this law was used during the establishment of the Muslim religion and has since been done away with. There is no evidence to the effect that the law was nullified and therefore most states are considered to have a right to forcefully collect and to impose penalties on those who have defaulted. Those who evade paying the levy will face the wrath of Allah on the Day of Judgment. Those who evade payment are not considered part of the Muslim brotherhood unless the individual is ignorant of the requirements of Zakah or is new to the Islamic faith (Ahmad 2010). When calculating the percentage of Zakah to be paid, the individual first calculates all his assets and subtract liabilities. The difference should be more than the price of 85grams of gold. The Individual can then group assets of the same kind together and get the percentage of the total. In the case of money, 2.5% of the total amount of money he has. The laws of Isla m prohibit grouping of different kind of wealth when calculating the percentage profit. The laws of Islam discourage double payment of Zakah. An asset can only be levied once in a lunar year. Zakah on investments is based on the profit and not on the total amount while the Zakah on money and cattle is based on the total amount of assets. Products that are not money such as cattle should be calculated based on the market price at the moment (Ahmad 2010). Zakah is collected through various means; in some countries it is collected by the state while in others it is collected by organizations specifically for that purpose. The Hadith gives regulations for state collection of the fund. Ahmad says that in as much as the state may collect the contribution, the laws of Muslims require that it should be separated from the national budget (49). The separation is done to ensure that the money collected achieves its purpose of helping the needy.  Payment of Zakah can be traced back to when th e Muslim religion was established. Its origin is from the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Khan says that Zakah has existed in all Muslim societies throughout history although during the colonial period it was neglected but it was later restored following the Second World War (An Introduction to Islamic Economics 81). The main objective of collecting this fund is to provide support to specific groups of people especially those in the lower socioeconomic status. The Quran gives a list of those people who qualify to receive funds collected through this levy and they include; those in need, street children, people who have gotten debts when trying to earn an honest living, individuals who want to convert to the Islamic religion, travelers who have encountered difficulty, debtors, The people who collect Zakah and people who work for Allah (Ahmad 2010). The needy are those whose assets are below the nisab and those whose property cannot cater for them for the whole year. The poor on the other h and are described as those who have no assets and do not have the capability to work to earn a living. The fund is given to those in debt only if the debts were incurred when they were seeking to satisfy their basic needs (Khan 2012). Those who incurred debts through gambling or mismanagement of money do not qualify for this fund. This fund is also given to those who fight in the Holy War. Travelers are defined as those who are far away from their homes. In the past slaves also qualified for this fund but they are no more slaves. Allowing collectors of the fund to take part of it ensured that they are not tempted to steal or mismanage the fund. Some funds were donated to people who wanted to convert to Islam to aid in spreading the religion (Khan 2012).  The Hadith prohibits investment of the money collected through the means of Zakah. The money should be given directly to those in need. The family of the prophet Muhammad and his descendants are prohibited from benefiting from thi s fund. The Hadith warns that there would be punishment for people who receive funds from Zakah collection yet they are not qualified. It also warns the collectors not to take more than they deserve. There is debate on whether poor people who are not Muslim can qualify for the fund. Some states prefer that before the fund is given to non Muslim; all the Muslim needs should be met. In addition to the uses listed in the Quran, the fund can also be used for administration purposes in Organizations that manage the fund (Ahmad 2010).  According to Muhammad Khan, Zakah has not achieved its expectations because of the limits imposed by governments. Zakah is also not well managed due to a lack of proper methods of accounting and inadequate monitoring. These are the problems frequently encountered by institutions collecting this fund and should be addressed to ensure Zakah meets its expectations (81). A case in point is Pakistan, they began a centralized way of collecting the fund but to d ate they still have problems like interruptions in the collection and distribution of the funds (Khan 2012). The levy is distinguished from other kinds of religious payments by various ways. Most religious contributions are voluntary, Zakah is mandatory. Unlike the other payments, which even the poor can make, this is paid by a specific group of people. The spending of other forms of payments is based on the agreement of the religious leaders. The spending of funds collected through this means is dictated by the church. In the event that one does not pay other voluntary religious contributions, no punishment is imposed on them. If a person who is Muslim refuses to pay Zakah, they are given a penalty which is half of their wealth (Khan 1994).  In summary, Zakah is an obligatory contribution of Muslims who fulfill the requirements of Nisab. Its main function is to help the needy in society and a means of giving back to Allah the greatest. There are many issues that have changed sinc e the time Zakah was founded by The Islamic Prophet Muhammad to date. The means of collection and the distribution have to be reviewed to be in line with current trends. This should be done in a way that ensures that the reason for the collection of the fund is still met. Ahmad, Abu Umar Faruq. Developments in Islamic Banking Practice: The experience of  Bangladesh Boca Raton, Florida: Universal Publishers, 2010. Print. Khan, Muhammad Akram. An Introduction to Islamic Economics, Pakistan, Islamabad:  IIIT, 1994. Print. Khan, Muhammad Akram. Islamic Economics and Finance: A Glossary, New York:  Routledge, 2012. Print.

Strategic Audit of Caterpillar Corporation Research Paper

Strategic Audit of Caterpillar Corporation - Research Paper Example The long term strategic goals of the company are along there different dimensions of Superior results, best team and global leadership. The company aims to achieve superior result which results in the fact that the company is regarded as a solid long term investment venture which gives shareholder return of the top 25% of the companies listed in S&P 500. The company also has a goal of having the best team. The team should be comprised of people who enjoy a work place characterized by features such as safe and inclusive. The company also wants to ensure that the customers of the company should be more successful with the company than with their competitors.   PoliciesThe values of the company are put to action through different activities. The company ensures integrity by delivering what they promise, being trust worthy and fair, and not influencing or getting influenced by others. In order to achieve excellence the company has in place the Caterpillar production system and 6 sigma.    In order to be sustainable the company gives products and services which are sustainable, and devote time and resources to sustainability. The company also focuses on team work and commitment in order to achieve the long term vision of the company.   Opportunities and Threats on External Environment 1. Natural physical EnvironmentCaterpillar Corporation Inc. is an American company that manufactures, designs, sells and markets different product segments including financial products, machinery, insurance and engines to customers.